Japanese intern camps :: essays research papers

Barabara ni naru Civilian Exclusion Order No. 79 Effective Friday 22 May 1942 On this fateful day the evacuation of 100,000(+) Japanese immigrants and Japanese American citizens during World War II were forced into incarceration (internment compounds). These compounds were placed inland throughout the Western United States. The Japanese peoples of the greater Seattle and Puget Sound areas were forced to leave their homes, schools, temples (and churches), and shut down family businesses in Seattle’s Nihonmachi (Japantown) community area. In the basement of the â€Å"Panama Hotel†, at the corner of sixth and main street, a time capsule of eight days of diaspora that scattered Japanese American Heritage exsists. Because the Federal government acting upon President Roosevelt’s signed Executive Order 9066, employed agencies including the FBI and the Army, giving those Japanese peoples only eight days to settle their personal affairs while processing them for wholesale evacuation from Seattle’s Nihonmachi community, and forcing their culture into internal exile. The internees were allowed to take only what they could carry with them. All other items were to be discarded or left behind, such as the many personal items placed into suitcases and trunks found in the basement of the â€Å"Panama Hotel. In that darkened basement room, an accidental time capsule, can be seen worn suitcases and trunks adorned with travel tags from Tokyo or Kobe, along with stacks of other household belongings left behind 57 years ago when the American government incarcerated its own Seattle citizens and shipped them via truck, bus, and train to internment compounds like Idaho’s Minidoka and yet closer to Seattle was the Puyallup Assembly Center. More than, 7,000 Japanese spent the spring and summer of in the Puyallup Assembly Center, an internment camp, located on the Washington State fair grounds. They were greeted by barded wire and armed guards and placed into bad housing. The whole fair grounds area was to house 7,000 (+) . Living in every space around the race track and under the grandstands. Japanese men were immediately employed to build and set up further livingquarters, mess halls, and administrative buildings. The living quarters were comprised of barracks that were 15 by forty feet buildings and each divided into 6 rooms, each room was 20 square feet. Each room would house a Japanese family. Euphemistically called â€Å"apartments† the furnishing consisted of army cots, family personal items and suitcases, one window and one light bulb hanging from the ceiling. The apartment walls gave no privacy for they did not reach the ceiling.

Research method paper: impact of tourism on local communities Essay

Impact of Ecotourism on Local Communities Table of Contents Table of Figures Section1: Introduction With the main objective of promoting responsible travel to natural areas, the well-being of communities and the environmental conservation, ecotourism is presented as an alternative type of tourism which is growing incredibly fast (Scheyvens, 1999). One of the objectives of ecotourism is to bring benefits to local communities. The important relationship between ecotourism and local communities could be explained by the fact that traditional homelands of indigenous people are usually the most natural and least developed areas of the world (Coria & Calfucura, 2012) The paper is first reviewing the different impacts that ecotourism can have on local communities. The development of ecotourism can have an important economic impact and can generate income, employment and business opportunities (Yacob, Shuib, & Radam, 2008). Thus, several developing countries have adopted ecotourism with the hope to improve their economy in an environmentally sustainable manner (Coria & Calfucura, 2012). In the second part, a deep analysis of the methodology of three articles about the impact of ecotourism on local communities has been done. The analysis shows both strengths and weaknesses of each types of methodologies that were used and help then to determine which one would be the most suitable when writing an undergraduate dissertation with similar aim. Concerning the methodology that was used for this project, the information was mainly taken from university databases, academic journals and reports as well as the research methods books to help the analyze of the methodologies. Section 2: Literature Review Ecotourism is being proposed as a strategy that will help to resolve social  and economic issues encountered by local communities, and as an adequate and effective way of of conserving the environment (Garrod, 2003). Thus, this concept has been adopted by many developing countries with the hope that it will bring them economic benefits (Coria & Calfucura, 2012). However, several authors wondered whether local communities are really beneficiating from those benefits (Jones, 2005). Sheyvens (1999) also agree on the fact that to ensure the process of ecotourism will be a success only if they are sharing the benefits of it. The reasons why local communities should consider the ecotourism include becoming aware of natural attractions value, understanding the necessity for sustainable tourism and the environment conservation. Also, several benefits should be taken into consideration such as the additional revenues that it could generate for any local types of business as well as the incr ease in employment opportunities and the enhancement of their culture. Unfortunately, even though ecotourism is bringing benefits, some drawbacks have to be taken into consideration. For instance, host communities do not participate a lot in decision making; they are also sometimes exploited for the resources without receiving any benefits, it can damage their community cohesion and the rapid tourism growth can precipitate important socio-cultural changes (Wearing & Neil, 2009). Belsky truly encourages local community to participate into conservation and ecotourism but he mentions that they will not do so unless communities benefit from tourism (as cited in Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Ecotourism is certainly bringing many economic benefits but is also improving many different aspects of the communities’ livelihood. Garrod (2003) explains that by involving them in the ecotourism project, they will obtain bigger control over their resources and over the decisions concerning the use of such resources that affect the way they live. However, some negative aspects of ecotourism should be considered. Only few local communities, engaged in ecotourism or really clos e to tourism operations and preserved areas, have realized real benefits from it. Several tour operators have been unenthusiastic with the fact that they had to share the possible returns with local communities (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). In the same way, Lima and d’Hauteserre (2011) stated that tour operators do not help the communities in the way they should. Also, even though ecotourism is generating new revenues, it is increasing the gap between the richer and the  poorer. Earnings are most of the time unequal and conflicts are emerging which are breaking the social cohesion of local communities. Information retrieved from different interviews, it appeared clearly that the profits received were not sufficient and could not support everyone (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Retrieved from other interviews with other communities, the same idea was shared concerning the fact that economic benefits could generate new conflicts within the community such as disputes between the members, misunderstanding concerning the revenues distribution and tasks allocations, which could then lead to a more important problem if people do not collaborate a right way (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011) Some of the interviewees testified that ecotourism was not the solution to fix economic issues but agreed on the fact that it could bring more opportunities such as establishing a good network, developing new skills and better self-esteem (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Locals seem to become more aware of their own culture through the relation established between tourists and outsiders and this seems to increase the community self-esteem and beliefs (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011). According to Jones, when local communities are completely involved in the ecotourism process, being directly engaged in decision making and working independently with management tasks, they become aware of the fact that new skills are required. Therefore, many people attended training sessions, sometimes organized by the government or associations. This helps them to face new realities and new habits (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011). Also, ecotourism can have an impact on locals that are not directly working into the ecotourism sector. For instance, the presentation of handicrafts, folklore, tales and basically the presentation of their culture appear to reduce the inferiority feelings that some local people could feel. It also enhances their identity and they become more aware of their culture leading to a better self-esteem (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011). Thus, even if ecotourism could appear is an ideal alternative type of tourism that will help to address economic and social issues toward local communities, some negative aspects should not be neglected. To make sure that the process is working perfectly, improvements need to be done. Also, local communities should not be exploited and should receive the benefits of their involvement (Wearing & Neil, 2009). Section 3: Comparison of methodologies In this section, methodologies of three different articles used in the previous literature will be analyzed and compared taking into account their strengths and weaknesses and more specifically their validity, reliability and truthfulness. The three articles that will be compared are: â€Å"Community views of ecotourism† by Stronza, â€Å"Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica† by Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, and â€Å"Community capitals and ecotourism for enhancing Amazonian forest livelihoods† by Lima and d’Hauteserre. All three articles are talking about the impact of ecotourism on local communities but they however differ by the method they used to obtain their information. To do a better comparison of the methodologies, the book â€Å"Research Methods For Business Students† wrteen by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill was really useful. 1. Stronza, 2008 â€Å"Community views of ecotourism†. 2. Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, 2010 â€Å"Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica†- 3. Lima, d’Hauteserre, 2011, â€Å"Community capitals and ecotourism for enhancing Amazonian forest livelihoods† Method and approach used Quantitative and qualitative approach Use of secondary data In depth interviews with local households Semi structured interviews with community leaders Qualitative approach, use of primary data Deductive approach (but inductive at some points) In depth surveys, semi structured interviews Qualitative approach: use of secondary and primary data. Mix of inductive and deductive approach Structured participant Observations In-depth and semi-structured interviews Aim and objectives of the article Give an overview of what host communities think of the impact of ecotourism Determine the effects of the Punta Islita eco-lodge on the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica. Investigate how ecotourism development enhances existing capital at community level. Location Amazone region: Bolivia Peru Ecuador Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica Brazil, Amazonia: Maripa Maguari Jamaraqua Time Period The study was done during six months in 2003 and consisted of three five-days workshop. 2008 (time of publication) 2010 Three months fieldwork 2012 Sample Purposive sampling 164 households (62 from Peru,67 from Bolivia, 35 from Ecuador,represented 45%, 55% and 7% of the communities population.) One community leader from each commnity Purposive sample with 63 households within 45 had at least a member employed in the lodge and 17 not employed by tourism industry but still receiving revenue from it Random sampling for employees in depth surveys 39 tourists filled out self-administered questionnaires 27 community inhabitants 42 local stakeholders (10 people from tour operators, 10 frim NGOs and 22 people from government environmental agencies Interview framework Semi-structured interview of 2-3 hours Open ended In depth interviews with households Semi structured interviews with community leaders and self administred questionnaire for hotel guests In depth questionnaire –based surveys Not specified with who they did each types of interview Limitations Benefits and indicators of success in each site were determined by emic, or subjective rather than etic. This research may reflect a situation that might change Sample size Sources Stronza, 2008 Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, 2010 Coria and Calfucura, 2012 Table Comparison of methodology The first article written by Stronza, is giving an interesting approach as an overview of the topic is first given to describe ecotourism in general as well as the possible benefits it could bring to local communities. The author then relied on a study done 5 years before which had for goals to hear the community’s opinion which used in depth interview with local households and semi structured with community leaders during workshops. As the study was done in different countries which are Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador it allows readers to think at a big scale and it is probably more reliable than a study done only in one specific area. A possible weakness would be that, as in-depth interviews are used, even though interviewers have some key questions that they need to cover, their use will depend from one interview to another interview. Concerning the second article written by Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, it is mostly based on the collection of primary data with surveys, interviews and questionnaires that they conducted themselves in one specific eco-lodge among guests, employees and locals. The weakness of this article, even if none seem to be mentioned in it, is probably the sample size and the fact that the semi structured interviews can lead to data quality issues. Indeed, as it may be hard to standardize the different kind of interviews, this may lead to reliability  problem. Also interviews are reflecting reality at the moment they were collected and therefore the results obtained from those interviews will not be automatically the same in similar interviews will be conducted in the future. In contrast with the first article, this one used mainly primary data whereas the first one used secondary data. Also, in this article, the study was undertaken only in Costa Rica, which was probably the purpose of the writers, but it narrows the research for someone reading the article. Writers could have undertaken their study to another country to compare both analysis. The last article consists of a collection of secondary and primary data, collected through structured participant observations as well as in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The strength of this article is that, as secondary data sources, it provides data that are easy to check. Also, it allows scholars or researchers to save time and effort by providing thoughts of several authors about one specific topic. However, when using secondary data, readers have to be careful that the sources cited in one literature review were not misunderstood by the one writing the literature review and that they are reliable and valid sources. Although, a possible weakness of the last article would be that the case study do not automatically reflect what is happening in other regions. As the study took place in Brazil, it is not a standardized model that could be applicable to another community everywhere else in the world. Also, their sample was really interesting as they interviewed people for NGOs, tour operators and governmental agencies as well as with local people. Thus once the information has been gathered it gave to the readers a better and generalized overview of the ecotourism impact of locals. Structured observations help also to do that but the main issues about it is the question of reliability as the observer must interpret something in a wrong way and therefore the observer should make sure he understood the setting very well before interpreting. Section 4: Selection of Methodology Out of the three articles cited in the above section, the one with the most appropriate methodology for the dissertation of an undergraduate student would be the first one. As previously analyzed, the methodology used in this article proposed first a sort of literature review which seems crucial to  have an overview of the topic and then series of results obtained through in depth interview with local households and semi structured interviews with community leaders. The most interesting thing is that it is representing three different countries which are Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, that are still close to each other in South America but representing different cultures. By providing both qualitative and quantitative data, it gives the student a better understanding of the topic. However, the sample size was not always appropriate as it was not all the time representing the majority of the population. Special attention should be given to the size of the sampling to make the study reliable. Indeed, if the majority is not represented it can be considered as unreliable. The semi-structured and in-depth interviews are, for an undergraduate student, probably one of the best ways for a better understanding of the topic as they might adapt their questions from interview to interview. It will be really helpful to explore in depth the topic the student might be interested in. References Almeyda, A. M., Broadbent, E. N., Wyman, M. S., & Durham, W. H. (2010). Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), 803–819. doi:10.1002/jtr.797 Coria, J., & Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics, 73, 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024 Garrod, B. (2003). Local Participation in the Planning and Management of Ecotourism: A Revised Model Approach. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(1), 33–53. doi:10.1080/14724040308668132 Jones, S. (2005). Community-Based Ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 303–324. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.06.007 Lima, I. B., & d’ Hauteserre, A.-M. (2011). Community capitals and ecotourism for enhancing Amazonian forest livelihoods. Anatolia, 22(2), 184–203. doi:10.1080/13032917.2011.597933 Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7 Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448–468. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002 Yacob, M. R., Shuib, A., & Radam, A. (2008). How Much Does Ecotourism Development Contribute to Local  Communities†¯? An Empirical Study in a Small Island. The Icfai Journal of Environmental Economics, VI(2), 54–68. Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism impacts, potentials and possibilities. (2nd ed., pp. 115-136). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Example Answers to Questions on OCED Principles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1858 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The OCED principles of the corporate governance stress the significance for the corporate governance of the markets for the corporate control functioning in a transparent and an efficient manner. The OCED principles promotes the policies that are designed in order to attain the very highest sustainable economic growth and also an increasing standard of living and also increasing employment opportunities in the member countries, while still maintaining its financial stability, and therefore contribute to the overall development of the international economy. This is very useful to the member countries and to the entire world (Cottrell Ranking, 2000). The policies are also designed to contribute to the sound trade and industry expansion in the member countries and also the non-member countries in the procedure of the economic development. The policies also contribute positively to the expansion of the global trade on non-discriminatory, multilateral basis in acco rdance with global obligations and duties. The OECD ministers have expanded the agenda of the corporate governance and also offer very specific guidance for regulatory and legislative initiatives in all the non OECD and OECD countries. These principles are taken seriously especially by the Financial Stability Forum such that they have designated these principles to be among the twelve main standards for the sound the systems of finances (Frynas, 2005). The principles offer the basis for a wide programme of cooperation and working together between non-OECD and OECD countries and also underpin the component of corporate governance of the IMF/World Bank especially on the ROSC (Reports on the Observance of Codes and Standards). These principles allow the policy makers to be aware of the positive contribution that is made by good and needed corporate governance offers to the investment, financial market stability, and also economic growth. The principles also explain well that enhance d good corporate governance adds much to their competitiveness (Guera, 2002). The OECD principles are known to be living instruments that offer non-binding standards and also desired practices and also offer guidance on the ways of implementation. These principles also give a forum for any existing dialogue and also exchange of different experiences among all countries worldwide (Drutman Cray, 2004). The SOX (Sarbanes Oxley Act) of 2002 is a set of corporate governance principles which is a well recommended to all corporations. I can therefore recommend these principles to the mining company because they are set by SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission). It is known to be a legislation with which prosecution is an outcome of failure to its compliance. It can help to improve the confidence of investors especially in the financial markets of the corporation (ASE, 2003). It aims at aligning the interests of the management to the shareholders. This helps to protect the stakehol ders especially the shareholders. The Nasdaq, AMEX, and NYSE need most of the directors to be more independent. The meaning of an independent director is a person whose only nontrivial familial, financial, or professional connection to the entire corporation; the executive officers among CEO, and chairman are her or his directorship (Akabzaa, 2000). The Combined Code of 2003 was formed in the United Kingdom after Hampel Committee which had been set up to evaluate the existing arrangements on the corporate governance on a global level. This committee was expected to make relevant recommendations and also design a certain code for the enlisted companies. The committee came up with the Combined Code and is applicable to all the registered companies. Question 2: corporate and social responsibility initiatives The principles of OECD helps the mining company to improve and reexamine the legal, regulatory and institutional framework for the corporate governance in each individual country, and to also offer suggestions and guidance for investors, stock exchanges, corporations and other relevant parties about their responsibility in the procedure of improving the good corporate governance. There are several initiatives that this mining company should carry out in order to fit into the principles and also to start the social and corporate responsibility. Good corporate governance ought to offer proper necessary incentives for the management and the board to pursue roles and objectives which are in the companyà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s interests and also its shareholders and should make possible efficient and effective monitoring (Haselip Hilson, 2005). The programmes of the corporate social responsibility in the mining companies are more often inclined to spotlight on the community initiatives as their outcomes in environmental, social and economic terms are greatly felt at limited levels. Some of these incentives couple the fact that they are bringing the mining revenues and profits to the area and also offering financial compensation to the residents for the loss of land, livelihoods and housing. The company could also be involved in infrastructure such as community schools and buildings as well as building access roads (Hilson Murck, 2001). There are also community health initiatives that offer health services to their employees and also their families, and also equipping and building health centers and hospitals for the surrounding communities. There is also a community foundation which is explained as a fund which is generated by the entire company which is utilized for the social investment functions; these can attract attention from the external donors. The mining company can also support small local businesses and these preferential procurement policies for all the local suppliers. The mining companies could also support sustainable livelihood projects and the importance of this i s to decrease the economic overdependence by the community on the particular mine and also develop sustainable and alternative employment opportunities for shareholder communities. There is also the initiative involving the micro-credit scheme regarding finances where they can give out loans which could be used to create jobs, launch new enterprises, and also help the economies to expand and also flourish. When the families are able to access the credit loans, they are able to invest depending on their priorities, for example health care, housing, school fees, or nutrition other than focusing on everyday survival and therefore people are able to plan well for their future. These micro-credit schemes can be aimed especially the women can provide opportunities to the disadvantaged groups in the local communities (Goodman Schwartz, 2004). Question 3 There are monetary factors and also non-monetary factors which could act as incentives or as disincentives by the large companies i n an attempt to address their social responsibilities. The monetary factors which act as incentives include financial incentives, material incentives, satisfactory remuneration and possibility of the upcoming paid employment. The disincentives of the monetary factors include alterations in the tangible incentives, inconsistent remuneration, and inequitable distribution of the incentives between the different employers (Goodman Schwartz, 2004). The nonmonetary factors that act as incentives include community respect and recognition of the mining work; acquisition of the valued skills; personal development and growth; peer support; accomplishment; identification an job aids such as shirts, badges and uniforms; preferential treatment; status in the community; and also minimal and flexible hours clear responsibility. The non-monetary factors which act as disincentives in large companies include inadequate supervision; time constraints; excessive demands; lack of respect among the em ployees and employers; inadequate refresher training; and another person from a different community. These can be incentives and disincentives applicable to a community health service provider which is an international company and is concerned with the social responsibility of dealing with their clients (Drutman Cray, 2004). The community health provider has factors which are incentives and these include community information systems; community organizations which support the work done in the center, and also involvement of the community in the selection of the community workers. The disincentives include lack of involvement of the community in the support, training and selection; and also unsuitable selection of the community workers. Question 4 There are various challenges that are faced by companies in the process of auditing their impact on labor, human rights and environment. Corruption and bribery is one of the main challenges. These two continues to decrease the lev els of economic activity and also continues to have an adverse consequence on the poor people. Increasing cases of reporting and investigation of bribery scandals often sustained by the governments increases the reputational risks especially to the companies. These are viewed as complicit in similar irregularities. Corruption and bribery are adverse values that should not be encouraged in any company because they adversely affect the company at large. The companies as a solution should demonstrate a strategy that is proactive in order to deal with these vices (Ite, 2005). There is also the challenge of product responsibility where the concerns over product safety, health concerns and product quality over the use of the product are increasing daily. The companies in question are forced to take more measures in order to promote range of security and safety processes. This would help to avert the expected increase of boycotts of brands and products. These are caused by high sophisti cation of the customers and also the absence of trust in the power of the regulators who should protect them. The lack of adequate funds is also another challenge and this causes negative impacts on the reexamining of the factors in the organizations. This is because the auditing may lead to the incurring of extra costs which lowers the profit margins of the company. Many companies do not have the money and capital to carry out these procedures and still maximize on their profits. There is also the challenge of the employees. Some companies permit their employees to work for extra hours. These workers work for more than the required time and are paid on hourly wage basis and this is because the company expects them to work all these hours. Therefore the employees are left with no alternative because they do not aspire to lose their jobs. Some of the time, they are not well paid all their wages as agreed and also end up not being paid during the overtime hours. This is because they are not aware of their rights and should therefore be taught concerning their rights as employees. There is also the challenge of child labor and forced labor which prove hard to be measured well. This is because there is the time constraint which means that there is no enough time to look into these matters in a single financial year. There is also the challenge of determining how and why the human rights are useful in the given business. These may involve the identification of the human rights that are relevant for the company. There is also a challenge in identifying opportunities to carry out their duties with other businesses in order to expand the human rights. It is also taxing to ensure that the given company does not involve itself or complicit in all human rights abuses (Hillson, 2002). There is the challenge of determining the procedure that a company should undertake in order to avoid discrimination especially in the processed of selection of the labor force a nd should also promote equality and diversity in the place of work and this is very significant. The labor standards are expected to expand especially in the long term and therefore the stakeholders require communicating honestly and openly in issues regarding their challenges, successes, and also activities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Answers to Questions on OCED Principles" essay for you Create order